Relational tenses

Verbal auxiliaries, affixes, adverbs, and particles that indicate relational tenses.

• resulting state (resultative): action in the past produces a state that persists into the present.
  be... -en
• anterior continuing: past action continues into the present: 'I have waited over an hour' ( = and I'm still waiting).
  have been... -ing
• anterior: the situation occurs prior to reference time, and is relevant to the situation at reference time. This is different from a simple past or perfective, where the situation is reported for its own sake and independent of its relevance to any other situation.
  have... -en
• A form that signals a situation that is prior to and relevant to a past reference time will be coded with two meaning labels, past and anterior.
  had... -en